varying scr firing angle with Avr microcontroller(Proteus simulation)

        Hi friends here is the post about changing SCR firing angle control with the help of AVR microcontroller.
        You might be aware of basics of firing angle and its variation.So in a basic Firing angle variation mechanism you will need two things:  
                                                           1)ZERO CROSSING DETECTION  
                                                           2)FIRING SCR  AT DIFFERENT ANGLE
          First stage Zero crossing with AVR is damn easy thing as avr hardware supports zero-crossing detection. that means you can detect zero of 230 VAC with directly avr microcontroller and no additional hardware.
you can refer Avr's official application note to know more about zero crossing by microcontroller itself!!!! (Huh!!!!  QUESTION: How can avr tolerate 230 volts directly?
Answer: 1M resistor limits the current and internal avr diodes are used like clamper circuit.... to convert 230 volts to 5 volts that is accessible by micro-controller.)

Zero crossing in avr with internal diodes

             now once you are through with 230v detection and generating an interrupt with the help of zero crossing, you are good to go for varying firing angle of scr.

 


After varying the firing angle you will be able to see the pulses as shown below

Firing angle

here is the source code to generate scr triggering pulse from microcontroller and varying it with 2 push buttons(i.e. increase or decrease firing angle) push buttons are connected to  PINA.6 and PINA.7 additionally a stop button is also used to stop SCR firing..
Stop button is connected to PINA.3 Here is the source code for that --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include"avr/io.h"

#include"delay.h" 

unsigned char stop=0;

unsigned long scrangle=0;

ISR(INT0_vect)

{

if (stop==0)

        {

        delayus(scrangle);

        PORTB=PORTB|0x01;

        delayus(1000);

        PORTB=PORTB &0xFE;

        }

}  void main()

{     

     SREG=SREG|0x80;        //global interrupt enable  

     PORTA=0xFF;            // configuering the PORTA in pullup mode.

     DDRA=0x00;                // Port A data direction configuration as input port. 

    MCUCR=MCUCR|0x01;        // logic change  in pin generates an interrupt(hardware interrupt 0) 

    GICR=GICR|0x40;            //enable the interrupt 0 

        if((PINA & 0x80)==0x00)  //decrease firing angle

        {

            if(scrangle>0)

            {

                scrangle=scrangle-100;

            }

        }

        if ((PINA & 0x40)==0x00)    //increase firing angle
         {
            if(scrangle<8000)
            {
                scrangle=scrangle+100;
            }
           
         }

        if((PINA & 0x08)==0x00)    //reset pin to stop

            {

            stop=1;

            }

     } 

} 

 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Here is the output waveforms you can see a pulse generated by micro-controller on zero-crossing detection..

Pulse generated by Micro-controller on zero-crossing.

Thats all I have to say.
But remember some points guys...

1)You are playing with Mains power supply so be very very careful.
2)Ground of microcontroller and mains are not good isolated.
3)This is only pulse generation by microcontroller if you need to apply this pulse to SCR you have to put some conditioning circuit.

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Power inverter PWM control with AVR (Proteus simulations)

           HI friends here is the post of how to control Power inverter With PWM technique and PWM is generated from Microcontroller.


            Hope that you have read my earlier post about power inverter design that design was traditional design and every thing was done on analog basis like generating triangular waves, comparing with DC offset via a comparator and finally generating PWM.
         
            It is advisable to read first about triggering a single mosfet with microcontroller than going for a full bridge.

           But suddenly you realize that you are living in modern era where microcontrollers can do a lot of things. I also found in built PWM generator mode of AVR microcontroller and reduced a lot of hardware.

           So what I did is configured AVR microcontroller in fast PWM mode and generated all the gate pulses from microcontroller itself.

Triggering mosfets with avre for inverter design

               Here is the Proteus circuit for inverter design.

     One thing to remember here is AS I HAVE SHOWN SEPARATE POWER  SUPPLIES FOR ALL OPTO-COUPLERS YOU HAVE TO USE THEM IN ACTUAL CIRCUIT ALSO OTHERWISE THE INVERTER WILL NOT WORK PROPERLY.

     And one more thing to remember when actually designing inverter from this circuit is that in Proteus you have a common ground but in actual life Ground Concept is  a bit difficult.. so you have to connect ground of respective power supply to source of respected MOSFET.(because we always have to supply Gate pulse with respect to source)


         you can download proteus isis simulation file from HERE.


Correction:
those who have seen circuit before please note the value of resistors r4,r5,r10,r9  there was a typo the value is 220 ohms instead of 560 ohms written before.
           

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IRF 640 & IRF Z44 triggering with AVR Microcontroller(Proteus Simulation)

I am working with power inverter design for final year project. I am using AVR atmega 8535 microcontroller for triggering MOSFET and PWM control.

I have used PWM of avr to generate pwm according to potentiometer varied.

I started working with IRF 640 Mosfet (That was the only available to nearer electronics shop at that time).

An optocoupler IC MCT2E is used for isolation between low voltage side(Microcontroller) to the high voltage side (MOSFET side load). It is always suggested to do so.

Here is the circuit configuration i have used to trigger MOSFET. 

Power mosfet trigger with avr microcontroller by optocoupler in proteus

But while working with optocoupler it is always desirable to use datasheet very carefully. That was the problem with my earlier configuration I blindly put 330 ohm to input side of optocoupler (obviously for current limiting) as we do with normal LED. so I was having 100 uS delay on output side. But that was not proper configuration  according to the MCT2E datasheet. So after studying datasheet and test circuit given in it i come to know that it is 47 ohm is perfect value. And I was able to reduce the delay upto 5 uS(that was desirable to our case).

Then after some successful experiments I replaced IRF 640 with IRF Z44 which was having higher current carrying capacity than the IRF 640.There would be no change in driving circuit as the both MOSFET are pin to pin compatible and gate pulse requirement for both of them is same.

I have tested the circuit in simulations and hardware.

here is the Proteus ISIS simulation of MOSFET triggering 

 

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Reading Accelerometer Data with Microcontroller

Reading Accelerometer with microcontroller can bring your project to life after reading this post you will be able to interface your accelerometer easily with microcontrollers.

After reading a bit about accelerometer  and accelerometer pins you are good to go with accelerometer interfacing with your microcontroller I have interfaced accelerometer with my Atmega 8535 microcontroller (it is easy to use because its having built in ADC).

According to me the easiest way to know any sensor is transmit its data to hyper terminal via COM port and then analyze data in real-time. So as soon as I got accelerometer I wrote a piece of code to transmit the data serially and started analyzing them on my PC.

Here is the code which I wrote in AVR-BASCOM

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

$regfile = "m8535.dat"                                      ' specify the used micro

$crystal = 16000000                                         ' used crystal frequency

$baud = 9600                                                ' use baud rate

Dim X As Integer , Y As Integer , Z As Integer

Dim Channel As Word

Config Adc = Single, Prescaler = Auto

Ddra.0 = 1

Porta.0 = 1                                                 'pin 1 in output mode high(vcc)

Ddra.1 = 1                                                  'pin 2 in op mode low(gnd)

Porta.1 = 0

Ddra.2 = 0

Porta.2 = 1                                                 'x axis adc ip mode

Ddra.3 = 0

Porta.3 = 1                                                 'y axis adc ip mode

Ddra.4 = 0

Porta.4 = 1                                                 'z axis in ip mode

Ddra.5 = 1

Porta.5 = 0                                                 'g select pin op high

Ddra.6 = 1                                                  'self test pin op low

Porta.6 = 0

Do

X = Getadc(3)                                  'read x axis

Y = Getadc(4)                                   'read y axis

Z = Getadc(5)                                   'read z axis

Waitms 100

Print " X " ; Getadc(3) ; " Y " ; Getadc(4) ; " Z " ; Getadc(5) ;  'display on COM port

Print

Loop

End
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 And finally what i got is this 

Accelerometer interfacing with microcontroller

and then you are ready to see instant data on your hyper terminal.
So you can analyze your movement or just create a look-up table for further references. 
or manually decide what values you want to use for application.
 
                  Guys keep waiting for further posts  what are about how to utilize this accelerometer data to control any game like NFS Most wanted or Counter strike with just a tilt of hand or to make your own WII like gaming console.

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AVR Software UART (Proteus simulation)

What is software UART?

             Software UART is the method of creating serial asynchronous transmission and reception  pins on almost every pins of your avr microcontroller.

Why Software UART?

              Whenever you are in need of more UART pins than given on your microcontroller chip you can use software UART. You can configure every I/O pin as serial transmission and reception pin.

Demo of software UART:

          Here in this demo I have created one software UART on each i.e. on PORTA.1 , PORTB.1 , PORTC.1, and one hardware UART on PORTD.1

         
            when you run the demo code given below all three software uart and one hardware uart will start working as shown below.

I have used BASCOM for AVR to program my avr-8535 microcontroller.

Here is source code for AVR 8535 and simulation files of Proteus ISIS.

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DAC by PWM (Proteus Design)

As i was reading a book "Embedded systems" by Rajkamal I found some thing interesting on Page 15 that was "DAC using PWM". Then I tried to implement it on my own as it was an interesting idea to generate Analog voltage from only one pin of micro controller.


so here is another post demonstrating the magic of AVR Atmega 8535.

Normally for DAC we have to use 8-pin and it is always good to use less pins.

Here we have to use only one pin to generate PWM and then Integrate the wave to make analog output.I have used an op-amp integrator(low-pass filter) .

I have used program made by me earlier that generates PWM according to potentiometer varied.

Just adding a next stage to it i gave that pwm pulse to an Op-amp based integrator.

Here is the rar file given which contains Proteus ISIS design file and source code to generate PWM in AVR atmega 8535.

The design is made for test purpose only to check the concepts, hardware is not built and tested  so enough care must be taken before converting this design file to actual hardware.

Hope the new concept is good for implementing.

:)

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Bidirectional Motor With 1 Pin of Microcontroller (Proteus Simulation)

How to drive a motor with a single pin of microcontroller?

A tough question but I have got the answer and the answer is “H-bridge connection”

Now you may be think that normally all the motors are driven by H-bridge connection and it would be even easier to drive them with motor driver IC so what is new here?

Here is a new configuration that can drive entire H-bridge with a single pin of micro controller, but for that you have to insert some extra hardware in that

A simple configuration is given below…

Bidirection Motor control

                    You can change the frequency of pulse to change the speed of motor and you can also vary PWM to generate asymmetric motor drive, and this entire thing at the cost of just one micro controller pin

                    we can easily stop the motor by tri-stating the microcontroller pin by just two simple lines of code that is 

   DDRB=0x00;
   PORTB=0X00;

                    But when working with Proteus you realize that some things are out of your control, i mean to say that when port pin is not connected to H-bridge it is tri stated properly but as soon as you connect it to bridge your tri-stated output is magically "converted" into ground that's why i could not include "stop motor" action in this demo.

                    Here I have just used a simple program to generate a 2 second delay and run motor in clockwise or anticlockwise.

                   The program is written for Atmega 8535(crystal frequency=16Mhz ; I am using earlier made header file)

  

#include"avr/io.h"                     

#include "delay.h"

void main(void)

 {        

            DDRB=0x08;                                   // Port B data direction declaration as output.

            PORTB=0X00;

            while(1)                               //This is for the infinity loop.

            {         

             PORTB=0X08;

             delayms(2000);                //2 second delay

             PORTB=0X00;

             delayms(2000);                //2 second delay

            }

}

You can download source code file for this project and ISIS Proteus design HERE.

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Password protect your microcontroller

Hello friends, a good idea of privileging the execution of main program of microcontroller came in my mind after watching a Si-Fi movie……and I did it………

Password protecting your microcontroller is one of the coolest things you can do with it……

I created a routine that reads 5 keystrokes and then checks weather the inserted password is right or not.

the micro controller here used is  Atmega 8535

 Not discussing much more about logic, here is the program

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void main()

{

  unsigned char a,b,c,d,e;           

  DDRA=0x00;

  PORTA=0xff;

                               //ask for password

 while(1)

 {

  lcd_init();

  lcd_string("Enter a 5 digit");

  lcd_gotoxy(1,0);

  lcd_string("Password:");

                                             //read password

  while(PINA==0xff);                    //if all keys open stay here

  a=PINA;

  delayms(200);

    lcd_gotoxy(1,0);

            lcd_string("Password:*");

            while((PINA&0xf0)!=0xf0);      //wait to release the key

 while(PINA==0xff);        

             b=PINA;

  delayms(200);

    lcd_gotoxy(1,0);

            lcd_string("Password:**");

            while((PINA&0xf0)!=0xf0);     //wait to release the key

 while(PINA==0xff);        

             c=PINA;

  delayms(200);

    lcd_gotoxy(1,0);

            lcd_string("Password:***");

             while((PINA&0xf0)!=0xf0);   //wait to release the key

 while(PINA==0xff);        

 d=PINA;

  delayms(200);

    lcd_gotoxy(1,0);

            lcd_string("Password:****");

            while((PINA&0xf0)!=0xf0);   //wait to release the key

 while(PINA==0xff);        

             e=PINA;

  delayms(200);

    lcd_gotoxy(1,0);

            lcd_string("Password:*****");   //wait to release the key

              

                                   //checking the password

  if(a==0xef)

  {

  if(b==0xdf)

            {

            if(c==0xbf)

               {if(d==0x7f)

                        {

                                    if(e==0xef)

                                    {

                                    lcd_init();

                                    lcd_string("Welcome");

                                    goto wait;

                                    }

                                    else

                                    {

                                                            lcd_init();

                                                            lcd_string("Invalid password!!");

                                                            delayms(2000);

                                    }

                        }

                        else

                        {

                                                lcd_init();

                                                lcd_string("Invalid password!!");

                                                delayms(2000);

                        }

            }

            else

            {

            lcd_init();

            lcd_string("Invalid password!!");

            delayms(2000);

            }

            }

   else

  {

  lcd_init();

  lcd_string("Invalid password!!");

  delayms(2000);

  }

  }

 else

  {

  lcd_init();

  lcd_string("Invalid password!!");

  delayms(2000);

  }

  }

  wait:while(1);                      

            }

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

and no post is completed without a video,

leave a comment if you want to ask any thing related to programming.

:)

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Fast Pwm mode of avr timers

Hello folks, I once needed to generate PWM wave  in my project related to power inverter design, I had to generate PWM waveforms according to the potentiometer varied by the user.

For that first method which I adopted was discussed earlier post but now here is another sophisticated method which I came across while studying the datasheet of mine microcontroller (mine favorite Atmega 8535).I came across the PWM modes given inbuilt in AVR series.

There are three modes of generating PWM in Atmega8535

1)Clear timer on compare(CTC) mode.

2)fast PWM mode

3)Phase correct PWM mode.

You can select any of them according to your requirement as in my requirement I had to select fast PWM mode.

Here are the steps given to configure your timer in fast PWM mode…..

Step 1) set Port in output mode

                                As the PWM generated would be given to output pin first of all that pin must be taken to output mode.the PIN where PWM is to be generated depends on the timer which you use to generate PWM. The pin OCn would be your output pin if you are using Timer-n. you can find the location of pin from datasheet.

Step 2) Set TCCRn register

                                You have to configure your timer in prescaler mode, OCn pin in inverting or non-inverting mode, selection of PWM mode etc. can be configured just within one register.

Step 3) Change the value of OCRn register in run time to generate PWM whatever you want…

Now your timer is configured to work with PWM mode

As I discussed earlier if we want to have a variable resistor  that can generate variable PWM for that we have to access ADC given in Atmega.

For adc initialization you have to do following steps

Step 1)  Initialize adc

                                You can do it by ADCSRA register you have to Enable, prescale and set interrupt .

Step 2)give ADC channel no

                                This no is given in ADMUX register.

Step 3)start conversion

                                Setting ADSC bit in ADCSRA register will do this thing.

Step 4) give it some time to convert and then read the result from ADCH and ADCL register.

Now you are done to interface your ADC with Timer

A sample code which I had used is given below.

#include<avr/io.h>

#include<delay.h>

void adc_init()

 {

ADCSRA=0X86;                              //ADC enable, ADC interrupt enable, set prescaller to 64

 }

 unsigned char getdata(unsigned char chno)        

  {

    ADMUX=0X60;                                       //right align the ADC result

    ADMUX|=chno;                                      //select the ADC channel

    ADCSRA|=0X40;                                     //start ADC convertion

    delayms(1);                                             //give some time delay to complit the ADC convertion

            return ADCH;

  }

void main()

{          unsigned char pot=0;

            adc_init();

             SREG=SREG|0x80;//global interrupt enable

             DDRB=0XFF;          //set data direction as output

TCCR0=TCCR0|0x7A;       //fast pwm,inverting mode,8 prescaler

while(1)

             {

             delayms(10);

             OCR0= getdata(0);          //read value from pot to OCR0

            }

}

Link to .zip file containing source code and Proteus ISIS design is this.

and datasheet of Atmega 8535 can be found from here.

if any question  then you can post a comment. 

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